The dominant discourse about migration in the media does not pay heed to its complexity or to its social, economic or cultural contribution to society. In many countries, migration is portrayed as a massive and growing exodus of people either feeling poverty, conflict or famine, or seeking better livelihoods, thus increasing the perceived threat of migration. This discourse dehumanizes migrants by portraying them as ‘invaders’ thereby justifying a range of repressive or restrictive measures (IOM, 2018). Journalists and any other actors communicating to the general public about migration data have a responsibility to promote an accurate and balanced discourse. The Charter of Rome Association (2017) developed a code of conduct for media operators reporting about migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and victims of human trafficking or smuggling that might serve as a reference.
When it comes specifically to reporting about migration data and statistics, journalists and officials should investigate where the numbers come from. Estimates from national and international statistical organisations are reliable but they are often only estimates. Even estimates from reputable organisations, such as on future migration projections, may have flaws, which is why understanding exactly how the data was collected and the biases associated with the methodology is key. Knowing whether the source is politically independent or where the funding for the data comes from would provide a better understanding of the objectivity and impartiality of the data. Journalists and officials should also try to triangulate quantitative data with qualitative data, in order to a provide human perspective of the events. Mistaking ‘correlation’ with ‘causation’ is an easy trap and can be avoided by checking to what extent the research tested for any confounding factors. Finally, any data visualizations should be contextualized so that the audience is familiar with the limitations of the data presented and understand how the findings fit within the overall patterns and trends for the country/region.
Actions ensuring accurate and balanced reporting of migration data
- Familiarizing oneself with the vocabulary and using the correct terminology, e.g., irregular as opposed to illegal;
- Avoiding unfounded or simplified narratives, for example by connecting multiple news items without any clear link, e.g., linking migration to terrorism or health epidemics;
- Obtaining information from multiple sources, cross-checking the information received and citing and referencing all sources;
- Giving a voice to all actors but especially to migrants themselves, who tend to be underrepresented among the informants/interviewees;
- Obtaining informed consent from all informants/interviewees and considering the consequences of reporting as vulnerable individuals or individuals from different socio-cultural contexts may not be aware of global media dynamics or the potential repercussions of appearing in the media;
- Protecting the identity of informants/interviewees where required, for example, by altering or dubbing their voices or by using wide image fields or out of focus images for situations where informed consent cannot be asked;
- Including issues related to migration among the topics covered for journalists in trainings.